Gumawana Verbs

Gumawana has an interesting verb system. They use numerous prefixes to convey meaning that other languages do through prepositional phrases. As an example, in Gumawana they can do the following with one verb mata 'die'.

1. kimata 'kill by use of hand'. Literally 'cause to die by hand'. This one can be used of someone killing another person with his hands. Or it can refer to turning off something (extended use of 'kill by hand').
2. samata 'kill with water'. Literally 'cause to die with water'. This can be over watering something to the point of killing it. The subject can be rain in that too much will kill certain plants in a garden.
3. kaumata 'kill with stone/force'. Literally 'cause to die by stone/force'. This one most likely originally meant only to kill by stone but is used more often now with the idea of 'force'.
4. kalimata 'kill with pointed instrument'. Literally it is 'cause to die with a pointed instrument.' So if someone spears someone, this is the verb to use to describe that action since a spear is pointed.
5. vamata 'kill with foot'. Literally 'cause to die by foot.' So if I squash a bug on the ground, I can use this verb to describe the action.
   
6. tumata 'kill with the buttocks'. Literally 'cause to die by buttocks'. Sounds funny, does it not? But if a person sits on a small insect or even a puppy and kills it, this is the word you want to use to describe that action.
   
7. kanamata 'kill by lying down.' Literally 'cause to die by lying down.' Another somewhat humorous one considering that we normally don't think of killing someone or something by lying on them. Yet if someone rolls over and kills something this is the way to describe it.
   
8. didmate 'killing by strangling or choking'. Literally 'cause to die by strangulation.' This could be considered a compound verb except that the verb didi is being used to describe the manner in which the killing occurs. It is used of a vine wrapping around another plant and choking it off.
   
9. sapimate 'kill by slapping.' Literally 'cause to die by slapping.' This is really a compound verb since technically sapina can occur by itself. However, in this case it appears to function like the other prefixes in giving the manner in which the killing is accomplished. It is heard often with respect to putting out a fire since the action of slapping is perceived as the means of putting the fire out. I have not heard it used for anything else, though it could.
   
10. kamata 'kill by teeth'. Literally 'cause to die by use of teeth.' This one is typically used with dogs who kill by biting. But it can be used of any animal killing another.
    

Now in the book of Exodus God's commandments are listed. One which we all know is "You shall not kill." The one that is really the only appropriate one to use is number 3 kaumata 'kill with force'. This one is somewhat generic and can be used in most instances. In other words, the prefix kau- has come to be so vague that the word as a whole can mean just 'kill' in most cases.

Another example is the word upa 'break' which can take a variety of prefixes to describe how something is broken. This verb refers to the breaking of something long and thin. That would include things like, rope, twine, string, wire, etc. It does not refer to breaking of glass or clay pots. That is another verb.

1. taopa [ta+upa becomes topa] 'broke'. The prefix ta- here indicates that the action happened on its own. So this would be the generic way of saying 'it broke.' By using this form the speaker is saying that no one is to blame. By using any other form, the speaker is saying the subject intended to break it. In other words, if you want to say that it was an accident, you have to use this form to convey that information.
2. kiupe 'break with hands.' If I break string with my hands, this is the one to use.
3. kauupe 'break with stone/force.' Using extreme force or a rock on a wire or vine would require using this one.
4. vaupe 'break with foot'
5. kaliupe 'break with pointed instrument.'
6. kaupe 'break with teeth'. Very common there. I've seen people cut fishing line with their teeth (also fish cutting a line) and use this term.
   
7. saupe 'break with water.' Again the water is the means by which someone breaks or cuts through something long and thin.

You get the idea. The language has many, many verbs that work this way. So once I figured out the different prefixes, I could create words fairly easily. However, Gumawana speakers tend NOT to want to create new words. In fact, as I have tested them, they tend not to recognize these parts of the word. They view kaumata 'kill by force' as a whole. So if I try to create a word using the various parts I have identified, unless someone in the language has said the word and it is being used, they reject it. They would rather borrow a word than create one.

Yet other language groups in the same province will create words easily and accept them. In fact, it becomes almost a game. Every language is different. It never ceases to amaze me how they function.

So this is just to give you a little glimpse into how people on the Amphletts organize their world.

Trip to Nubogeta update

I went to the village this time hoping to maybe finish six chapters of Luke and half of John. This would result in finishing both books next year. As we began working on Luke the first week, I was convinced if we got done with 3 chapters while I was there we would be doing good. The group of men and women who came were just not talking this time. However, on Wednesday we began working quicker and it seemed they were coming to life. After two weeks of working on the book we had finished chapter 22. So the question was do we wait until next year to do 2 chapters or attempt to work through them in the week that was left. During the day we would be working on John so I asked a couple of the men if they would be willing to work on Saturday and then each night until we finished. They were all for it. Saturday we finished chapter 23 and on Sunday afternoon we finished chapter 24. I was amazed that we were able to get so much completed.

As for John, when the men showed up to work, I noticed there were 5 who had never worked with me before. That was not a good sign. New people tend to not talk and so it looked as though that week was going to be difficult. But God seemed to have brought the right people together. Isileli, who leads that group from Gumawana, had asked Tomasi from Nubogeta to join us. I had also asked Tomasi to come thinking it would be better if he was in the group as well. It was a good decision. As it turns out Tomasi had been studying the book for the last year on his own. He had no thought of joining us when he began reading it. Even before we started work on it Tomasi and I were talking about the difficulties in the book.

What impressed me most with this group from Gumawana was there interaction with each other. I would write on the board how I translated the text over the past year. They would immediately ignore me and begin discussing with each other as to the best way to render it. This kind of discussion is always good because they argue with each other and try various ways to state something. When they all agree, I usually feel we have it right. We made it to around the middle of chapter 8. The half way point in the book is the end of chapter 9. So I feel grateful that we completed as much as we did. I have left copies of both Luke and John for them to edit Luke and to work through the rest of John. Next year I do believe we might be able to complete John.

I enjoyed many conversations with Tomasi over the past month. He continues to grow in his faith. The difference between him and many others is his humility and his desire to continue learning. He has never gone to school, yet he taught himself enough English to read a study Bible. He studies daily and has memorized a great deal of Scripture.

Recently he told me how a woman from our village was at the United Church circuit headquarters at Wadalei (about 25 km south of Nubogeta) to give a sermon. Before going she had come to Tomasi for help. He outlined and explained how she could give a sermon on a particular topic. Later after she had given the sermon, the minister in charge was quite impressed with what she had to say. She never told him that it was Tomasi. God continues to use him to produce a great translation.

Taukidi is one of our translators from Gumawana Island. He came to work on John with us over the past month. I noticed Taukidi would read what was written on the board, but consistently misread what was written. Furthermore, he was having to move up closer to the board to see better. He told me his eyes were getting bad to the point where he could see very little at a distance. I have never seen anyone from the Amphletts have difficulty in seeing things in the distance. I'm guessing the use of lanterns at night is damaging the eyes of most of the people. One morning when I noticed he was having a great deal of trouble reading the board, I took off my glasses and handed them to him. After putting them on he exclaimed, "It's so clear! It's like the way I used to see." So while home I need to find some old pairs of prescription glasses for nearsighted people to take him a pair. If you have glasses you no longer need and would like to donate them to someone on the Amphletts, contact me and I will show you how.

Overall the time in the village went well. I enjoyed seeing everyone again. It is always hard to leave them, because I know next time there may be a few people missing. Death is all too common there. I'm thankful that I stayed healthy the entire time.

Thanks to those who prayed for this trip. It is an important aspect of the task!